Rhizobacteria are root-colonizing bacteria that form a symbiotic relationship with many legumes. Though parasitic varieties of rhizobacteria exist, the term usually refers to bacteria that form a relationship beneficial for both parties (mutualism). Such bacteria are often referred to as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, or PGPRs. Though microbial inoculants are indisputably beneficial for crops, they are not widely used in industrial agriculture, as large-scale application techniques have yet to become economically viable. A notable exception is the use of rhizobial inoculants for legumes, such as peas. Inoculation with PGPRs ensure efficient nitrogen fixation, and they have been employed in North American agriculture for over 100 years.

Requirements for product purity, activity & shelf life dictate a very high standard for injectable drug packaging, particularly for highly active peptides and proteins. Packaging represents the first line of defense for all formulated pharmaceuticals. A good package protects the drug product from the outside world and vice versa. At the same time the package -- including the vial itself, stopper & seal materials -- must be fully compatible with the product, whether it is in solution or lyophilized. The FDA's requirements, as spelled out in the Guidance Container Closure Systems for Packaging Human Drugs & Biologics, discuss understanding levels of extractables/leachables & test methods related to these contaminants. The Guidance, which addresses evaluation of packaging systems for pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical drug products, requires that each New Drug Application (NDA) contain enough information to demonstrate that a proposed package & its components are suitable for their intended use. It clearly indicates that all injectable products need to be evaluated for leachables, that may have migrated over the product shelf life during formal stability testing & beyond.

Forage conservation includes drying (hay-making), fermentation (silage-making) and feed additives like urea treatment of straw. In general, if forage can grow year-round, this will be of better quality, making forage conservation superfluous. Where forage growth is highly seasonal, forage conservation can offer a way to balance forage supply to animals, but moderate weight losses during a dry season are quickly regained through compensatory growth in the next wet season. Wetter material is not easy to store, it needs to be covered and kept under anaerobic conditions. Larger units have less waste than smaller pits. Silage and urea-treated straw are better suited for medium-sized or large animal holdings. The biotechnology in these techniques will make little contribution to alleviating poverty among smallholders. Silage and urea-treated straw have a shorter storage life than hay because wet material cannot be transported as easily as can dry material, their use is also less flexible. Top quality silage can be made without the addition of any additives or preservatives. There is no reliable evidence that adding enzymes, yeast cultures, antibiotics or acid-forming bacteria will increase the feeding value of corn silage. The two additives most often used in corn silage are limestone and non-protein nitrogen compounds. Molasses and grain may be added to corn forage at the time of ensiling. However, this practice only tends to enrich the resulting corn silage as a feed rather than to improve the quality of the corn forage itself. There is also some fermentation loss with the added molasses and grains.

The software development has spawned into an independent industry with organizations offering exclusive software development services. As it, perhaps, in the nascent stages of any industry the process of asking for service, offering a service and pricing are somewhat haphazard. Software development falls into the category of the Services industry, as opposed to the Product industry - that is a service is offered & not a product. The major difference between the software service industry and other service industries, is that software is much more highly priced. Where there is money, academics jump in - research is conducted - jargon is developed - concepts are proposed and a new branch of science or engineering comes into vogue. This gives rise to many paradoxes.